12 Degrees of Failure
How does a weak state become a failed state?
FOREIGN POLICY
JULY/AUGUST 2010
Each weak state is beset by a unique set of troubles. One country's chief woe might be staggering economic decline while another's is the rapid brain drain of its best and brightest. Here are the worst performers in each of the index's 12 indicators -- and how things got so bad.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): 9.9 of 10
If you live in Congo, there's about a 50-50 chance you are under age 14. Population growth hovers at a fast-paced 3 percent annually, despite civil war, a sky-high infant mortality rate, and pervasive infectious disease.
REFUGEES
Somalia: 10
Almost a quarter of Somalia's population, or about 2 million people, has been uprooted by conflict in recent years.
ILLEGITIMATE GOVERNMENTS
Afghanistan, Somalia: 10
Somalia's Western-backed government controls just a few blocks in Mogadishu. In Afghanistan, a thriving Taliban insurgency, the presence of international troops, and a flawed presidential election have undermined the government's legitimacy.
BRAIN DRAIN
Zimbabwe: 9.7
One out of every five Zimbabweans has fled the country over the past decade-many of them professors, doctors, engineers, lawyers, and journalists.
PUBLIC SERVICES
Niger: 9.7
Niger may well be the poorest country in the world. The government lacks any ability to provide services such as education and health care; rampant illiteracy and high rates of infant mortality are the abysmal result.
INEQUALITY
DRC, Sudan: 9.5
The tiny elites in Congo and Sudan have profited enormously from resource wealth. Overwhelming majorities in both countries, meanwhile, remain desperately poor.
GROUP GRIEVANCES
Sudan: 9.9
Sudan's south, east, and west are all in some stage of seeking autonomy from the capital in Khartoum, citing grievances that range from government neglect to active persecution.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Somalia, Sudan: 9.9
Having a president indicted for war crimes isn't a good sign, but the real measure of Sudan's woeful human rights record is its history of subduing restive regions through massive brutality.
ECONOMIC DECLINE
North Korea, Somalia, Zimbabwe: 9.6
Dictators in North Korea and Zimbab- we have rigged their economies to funnel profits into regime hands -- even with their national markets in complete collapse.
SECURITY FORCES
Somalia: 10
In a few parts of Mogadishu, the government or African Union peacekeepers are in control. Elsewhere, it's Islamist militias, local warlords, or an assortment of rival clan factions.
FACTIONALIZED ELITES
Somalia: 10
Islamist and clan organizations vie for control throughout the country, and internal shake-ups have made the government spectacularly unstable.
EXTERNAL INTERVENTION
Afghanistan: 10
NATO forces are not alone in trying to direct Afghanistan's future: Pakistan, India, Iran, Russia, and China are also pursuing divergent interests there.
See complete list
FOREIGN POLICY
JULY/AUGUST 2010
Each weak state is beset by a unique set of troubles. One country's chief woe might be staggering economic decline while another's is the rapid brain drain of its best and brightest. Here are the worst performers in each of the index's 12 indicators -- and how things got so bad.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): 9.9 of 10
If you live in Congo, there's about a 50-50 chance you are under age 14. Population growth hovers at a fast-paced 3 percent annually, despite civil war, a sky-high infant mortality rate, and pervasive infectious disease.
REFUGEES
Somalia: 10
Almost a quarter of Somalia's population, or about 2 million people, has been uprooted by conflict in recent years.
ILLEGITIMATE GOVERNMENTS
Afghanistan, Somalia: 10
Somalia's Western-backed government controls just a few blocks in Mogadishu. In Afghanistan, a thriving Taliban insurgency, the presence of international troops, and a flawed presidential election have undermined the government's legitimacy.
BRAIN DRAIN
Zimbabwe: 9.7
One out of every five Zimbabweans has fled the country over the past decade-many of them professors, doctors, engineers, lawyers, and journalists.
PUBLIC SERVICES
Niger: 9.7
Niger may well be the poorest country in the world. The government lacks any ability to provide services such as education and health care; rampant illiteracy and high rates of infant mortality are the abysmal result.
INEQUALITY
DRC, Sudan: 9.5
The tiny elites in Congo and Sudan have profited enormously from resource wealth. Overwhelming majorities in both countries, meanwhile, remain desperately poor.
GROUP GRIEVANCES
Sudan: 9.9
Sudan's south, east, and west are all in some stage of seeking autonomy from the capital in Khartoum, citing grievances that range from government neglect to active persecution.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Somalia, Sudan: 9.9
Having a president indicted for war crimes isn't a good sign, but the real measure of Sudan's woeful human rights record is its history of subduing restive regions through massive brutality.
ECONOMIC DECLINE
North Korea, Somalia, Zimbabwe: 9.6
Dictators in North Korea and Zimbab- we have rigged their economies to funnel profits into regime hands -- even with their national markets in complete collapse.
SECURITY FORCES
Somalia: 10
In a few parts of Mogadishu, the government or African Union peacekeepers are in control. Elsewhere, it's Islamist militias, local warlords, or an assortment of rival clan factions.
FACTIONALIZED ELITES
Somalia: 10
Islamist and clan organizations vie for control throughout the country, and internal shake-ups have made the government spectacularly unstable.
EXTERNAL INTERVENTION
Afghanistan: 10
NATO forces are not alone in trying to direct Afghanistan's future: Pakistan, India, Iran, Russia, and China are also pursuing divergent interests there.
See complete list
posted by Hanan Elbadry at 6:21 AM
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